Leaves as bottlenecks: The contribution of tree leaves to hydraulic resistance within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.

Within vascular plants, the partitioning of hydraulic resistance along the soil-to-leaf continuum affects transpiration and its response to environmental conditions. In trees, the fractional contribution of leaf hydraulic resistance (Rleaf ) to total soil-to-leaf hydraulic resistance (Rtotal ), or fRleaf (=Rleaf /Rtotal ), is thought to be large, but this has not been tested comprehensively. We compiled a multibiome data set of fRleaf using new and previously published measurements of pressure differences within trees in situ. Across 80 samples, fRleaf averaged 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46-0.57) and it declined with tree height. We also used the allometric relationship between field-based measurements of soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance and laboratory-based measurements of leaf hydraulic conductance to compute the average fRleaf for 19 tree samples, which was 0.40 (95% CI = 0.29-0.56). The in situ technique produces a more accurate descriptor of fRleaf because it accounts for dynamic leaf hydraulic conductance. Both approaches demonstrate the outsized role of leaves in controlling tree hydrodynamics. A larger fRleaf may help stems from loss of hydraulic conductance. Thus, the decline in fRleaf with tree height would contribute to greater drought vulnerability in taller trees and potentially to their observed disproportionate drought mortality.

Propriedades psicométricas da versão em português Brasileiro da Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale / Propiedades psicométricas de la version em português brasileño de La Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale / Psychometric Properties of Brazilian Portuguese version of the Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale

O perfeccionismo direcionado à aparência física considera haver preocupação com a imperfeição e esperança para a perfeição em relação à aparência. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi validara versão em português Brasileiro da PhysicalAppearancePerfectionismScaleem uma amostra de praticantes de exercícios resistidos. A amostra não-probabilística foi constituída por 534 homens e mulheres com idades entre 18 a 39 anos. Foi utilizada análise fatorial confirmatória, para gerar evidências psicométricas para a amostra de referencia. O modelo estrutural bifatorial alcançou índices de ajuste satisfatório, tanto na amostra geral, quanto na amostra por sexo. Em relação à validade convergente, quase todos os valores das cargas fatoriais estavam acima do aceitável, mas a variância média extraída foi adequada apenas na escala masculina. Quanto à validade discriminante, todos os valores da AVE estiveram acima do valor da variância compartilhada nos modelos geral, feminino e masculino, demonstrando haver alguma diferença as duas variáveis latentes. A confiabilidade de constructo foi estabelecida tanto na escala geral, quanto na escala feminina e masculina. O presenteinstrumento obteve evidências psicométricas adequadas para a versão brasileira da PhysicalAppearancePerfectionismScale, o que permite recomendar seu uso no Brasil

El perfeccionismo dirigido a la apariencia física considera que hay preocupación por La imperfeccióny la esperanza para la perfección en relación a la apariencia. El objetivo de esta investigación fue validar la versión en portugués brasileño de laPhysical Appearance Perfectionism Scale en una muestra de practicantes de ejercicios de resistencia. La muestra no probabilística consistió en 534 hombres y mujeres de entre 18 y 39 años. Se utilizóun análisis factorial confirmatorio, para generar evidencias psicométricas para la muestra de referencia. El modelo estructuralbifatorialalcanzó índices de ajuste satisfactorio, tanto enlamuestra general, como enlamuestra por sexo. En cuanto la validez convergente, case todos los valores de las cargas factorial fueron superiores a los aceptables, aunquelavarianza media extraída (AVE) fueadecuada solo enlaescala masculina. En cuanto a la validez discriminante, todos los valores AVE estaban por encima del valor de lavarianza compartida enlosmodelosgeneral, femenino y masculino, lo que demuestra que existenalgunas diferencias entre las dos variables latentes. La fiabilidad del constructo se estableció tanto enla escala general como enla escala femenina y masculina. Este instrumento obtuvo evidencia psicométrica adecuada para laversión brasileña de Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale, que permite recomendar su uso en Brasil

Perfectionismtowards physical appearanceconsiders to be concern about imperfection and hope for perfection in appearance. The aimof this research was to validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale in a sample of exercise resistance practitioners. The non-probabilistic sample consisted of 534 men and women aged 18 to 39 years. Confirmatory factorialanalysis was used to generate psychometric evidencefor the reference sample. The two-factor structural model achieved satisfactory adjustment indices, both in the general sample and in the sample by sex. Regarding convergent validity, almost allvalues of factorial loads were above acceptable, although the averagevariance extracted(AVE) was adequate only in the male scale. Regarding the discriminantvalidity, all the AVE values were above the value of the shared variance in the general, female and malemodels, showing that there are some differences between the two latent variables. Construct reliability was established on both the general scale and the female and male scale. This instrument achievedadequate psychometric evidence for the Brazilian version of Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale, which allows recommending its use in Brazil

Tradução e adaptação cultural da Escala de Perfeccionismo para Aparência Física (PAPS) para a língua portuguesa no Brasil

Resumo O presente artigo objetivou fazer a adaptação cultural da Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS) para o Brasil. Seguiu guideline que preconiza traduções, síntese das traduções, retrotraduções, reunião de comitê de peritos e pré-teste. Todo o material das traduções, síntese e retrotraduções foi discutido pelo comitê de juízes que estabeleceu uma versão em português brasileiro com equivalências conceitual, cultural, idiomática e semântica, que foi aprovada pelos 50 participantes do pré-teste. A análise da frequência das respostas dos itens indicou ser necessária atenção ao item 3 em futuro estudo psicométrico. O processo de adaptação cultural da PAPS foi um rigoroso processo. Todavia, para seu uso em pesquisas, ainda é necessário estudo psicométrico.

Abstract The aim present article was made the cultural adaptation of Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS) to Brazil. We followed a guideline that advocates the accomplishment of translations, synthesis of translations, back-translations, committee and pre-test. All the translations, synthesis and back-translations material were discussed by the expertś committee, which established a Brazilian Portuguese version with conceptual, cultural, idiomatic and semantic equivalence, which was approved by the 50 participants of the pre-test. The analysis of the frequency of the answers of the items indicated that attention should be given to item 3 in a future psychometric study. The process of cultural adaptation of PAPS was a rigorous process. However, for its use in research, it is still necessary to psychometric study.

El objetivo del presente artículo fue realizar la adaptación cultural de la Escala de Perfeccionismo del Aspecto Físico (PAPS) a Brasil. Seguimos una guía que aboga por la realización de traducciones, síntesis de traducciones, traducciones retrospectivas, comité de expertos y pretest. Todo el material de traducción, síntesis y traducciones retrospectivas fue valorado por el comité de expertos, que estableció una versión en portugués brasileño con equivalencia conceptual, cultural, idiomática y semántica, que fue aprobada por los 50 participantes del pretest. El análisis de la frecuencia de las respuestas de los ítems indicó que se debe prestar atención al ítem 3 en un futuro estudio psicométrico. El proceso de adaptación cultural de la PAPS fue riguroso. Sin embargo, todavía es necesario un estudio psicométrico antes de utilizarla en investigaciones.

Taxonomic revision of Pachyptera (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae).

Pachyptera DC. is a small genus of neotropical lianas included in tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). The genus has a complicated taxonomic history but currently includes species distributed from Belize to Southern Amazon. Pachyptera is characterised by four main synapomorphies, namely, a papery peeling bark, prophylls of the axillary buds organised in a series of three, patelliform glands arranged in lines in the upper portions of the calyx and corolla tube. Furthermore, members of the genus also have stems with four phloem wedges in cross-section and conspicuous extrafloral nectaries between the interpetiolar region and at the petiole apex, although these characters are also shared with other genera of tribe Bignonieae. Here, we present a taxonomic revision of Pachyptera, which includes a complete list of synonyms, detailed morphological descriptions of species and an identification key, as well as information on the habitat, distribution and phenology, nomenclatural notes, taxonomic comments and illustrations of all the species. In addition, we designate three lectotypes, propose one new combination, raise one variety to species status and describe a new species. After these adjustments, a Pachyptera with five well-defined species is recognised.

A genomic approach for isolating chloroplast microsatellite markers for Pachyptera kerere (Bignoniaceae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: In this study, we developed chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSRs) for Pachyptera kerere (Bignoniaceae) to investigate the population structure and genetic diversity of this species. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used Illumina HiSeq data to reconstruct the chloroplast genome of P. kerere by a combination of de novo and reference-guided assembly. We then used the chloroplast genome to develop a set of cpSSRs from intergenic regions. Overall, 24 primer pairs were designed, 21 of which amplified successfully and were polymorphic, presenting three to nine alleles per locus. The unbiased haploid diversity per locus varied from 0.207 (Pac28) to 0.817 (Pac04). All but one locus amplified for all other taxa of Pachyptera. CONCLUSIONS: The markers reported here will serve as a basis for studies to assess the genetic structure and phylogeographic history of Pachyptera.